Simplified method measures changes in tensile yield strength using least number of specimens

Simplified method determines yield strength due to heat treat, irradiation or mechanical treatment. Each specimen in a group of specimens is tested for yield stress point, subjected to heat treat or irradiation, and retested for new yield stress point which is a measure of change in material

Alexander Hamilton: The Unloved and Forgotten Founding Father

As Americans, we tend to place a high importance on our Founding Fathers. There are streets, schools, monuments, cities, money and more all bearing the name or image of Founding Fathers. In looking at these it becomes apparent that history has not treated all of the Founding Fathers kindly, or equally. Alexander Hamilton, who was undeniably vital to the country?s formation, has become forgotten and actually viewed unfavorably. This negative perception that people have of Alexander Hamilton has been somewhat written about, but among scholars no one has been able to pinpoint its origin. The goal of this paper is to analyze the theories that have been previously written, combined with letters from Hamilton and his peers, in an attempt to come to a conclusion regarding Hamilton's perhaps unfounded bad reputation. Based on this method, a new theory has been found by looking at the previous theories in a new way: as a whole. Alexander Hamilton has come to be regarded with a negative reputation because of his disagreements with Thomas Jefferson, his own personality flaws, combined with Americans tendency to push him away because he reminds us of facts we would rather not remember. Hamilton was also an easy target for those seeking to attack him. This uneven memory of the Founding Fathers is changing though, with new and more truthful biographies about the individuals being published

Timbre-invariant Audio Features for Style Analysis of Classical Music

Copyright: (c) 2014 Christof Weiß et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited

Effect of cryogenic irradiation on NERVA structural alloys

Several alloys (Hastelloy X, AISI 347, A-286 bolts, Inconel 718, Al 7039-T63 and Ti-5Al-2.5Sn ELI) were irradiated in liquid nitrogen (140 R) to neutron fluences between 10 to the 17th power and 10 to the 19th power nvt (E greater than 1.0 Mev). After irradiation, tensile properties were obtained in liquid nitrogen without permitting any warmup except for some specimens which were annealed at 540 R. The usual trend of radiation damage typical for materials irradiated at and above room temperature was observed, such as an increase in strength and decrease in ductility. However, the damage at 140 R was greater because this temperature prevented the annealing of radiation-induced defects which occurs above 140 R

Teaching and learning history in Australian primary schools: pedagogical shifts, complexities and opportunities

From 2011 the teaching and learning of History will be expanded into all primary schools (Kindergarten – Year 6) throughout Australia under a National Curriculum, including the formal preschool/kindergarten year. History as one of four core subjects will replace current studies of society and environment curriculum taught in primary schools across. The curriculum implementation process will involve a cultural and pedagogical shift as primary teachers make adjustments to the discipline of History. This article begins with an outline of the current curriculum context. An analysis of the New South Wales Human Society and Its Environment and the Australian Curriculum: History Draft Consultation documents follows. The findings indicate that the History Draft Consultation lacks clear guidance for teachers and has a number of shortcomings compared to the NSW HSIE syllabus. There are opportunities, however, for primary teachers because of the broad similarities of content knowledge in both documents and the embedded historical concepts in the NSW syllabus document

Changes in the Maori Income Distribution: Evidence from the Population Census

This paper uses census data to identify the main changes in the individual-level income distribution of working-aged Maori between 1991 and 2001, and to analyse the effects of changes in the distribution of socio-demographic attributes and labour market activity patterns on the Maori income distribution. There was substantial real income growth at most points in the income distribution, and particularly at points above the 30th percentile, but a decline in real incomes at the very lowest percentiles. The socio-demographic and labour market changes considered help to explain much of the income growth that was recorded at lower-middle to upper levels of income. However, they fail to account for the increase in the proportion of people with negative, nil, or very low incomes.Individual income distribution, Inequality, Maori

Understanding Changes in Maori Incomes and Income Equality 1997-2003

This paper reports findings from a study of changes in Maori income levels and income dispersion between 1997 and 2003. Data from Statistics New Zealand's Income Survey are used to describe and evaluate the main changes in the Maori income distribution in this period, which was marked by substantial increases in employment rates and improvements in the skill levels of working-aged Maori. A parallel analysis of the main changes in the European/Pakeha income distribution is provided for comparative purposes. The results show significant reductions in the proportion of Maori with no weekly income in the reference week, or incomes of $150-200 a week, and significant increases in the proportion with incomes above the peak income level of approximately$550 per week. Income inequality within the total working-aged Maori population declined, while income inequality among employed Maori was stable. An analysis of some of the key factors contributing to change in the income distribution suggests that the transition of many Maori into employment during this period was the single most important driver of change.Individual income distribution; Inequality; Maori; Kernel density estimation

Understanding Changes in Mâori Incomes and Income Inequality 1997-2003

This paper reports findings from a study of changes in Mâori income levels and income dispersion between 1997 and 2003. Data from Statistics New Zealand’s Income Survey are used to describe and evaluate the main changes in the Mâori income distribution in this period, which was marked by substantial increases in employment rates and improvements in the skill levels of working-aged Mâori. A parallel analysis of the main changes in the European/Pâkehâ income distribution is provided for comparative purposes. The results show significant reductions in the proportion of Mâori with no weekly income in the reference week, or incomes of $150–200 a week, and significant increases in the proportion with incomes above the peak income level of approximately$550 per week. Income inequality within the total working-aged Mâori population declined, while income inequality among employed Mâori was stable. An analysis of some of the key factors contributing to change in the income distribution suggests that the transition of many Mâori into employment during this period was the single most important driver of change.Individual income distribution; Inequality; Mâori; Kernel density estimation

Changes in the Mâori Income Distribution: Evidence from the Population Census

This paper uses census data to identify the main changes in the individual-level income distribution of working-aged Mâori between 1991 and 2001, and to analyse the effects of changes in the distribution of socio-demographic attributes and labour market activity patterns on the Mâori income distribution. There was substantial real income growth at most points in the income distribution, and particularly at points above the 30th percentile, but a decline in real incomes at the very lowest percentiles. The socio-demographic and labour market changes considered help to explain much of the income growth that was recorded at lower- middle to upper levels of income. However, they fail to account for the increase in the proportion of people with negative, nil, or very low incomes.Individual income distribution, Inequality, Mâori